Mathematics professor and author William Dunham spoke about the history of Leonhard Euler and one of his famous infinite series proofs to Math Club on April 20.
Dunham began by introducing 18th-century mathematician Leonhard Euler, whose work formed the foundation of his lecture titled “Another infinite series: tan (π/4) + 1/2 tan(π/8) + 1/4 tan(π/16) + … : does it converge or diverge? It converges… and to what?” Dunham highlighted Euler’s extraordinary productivity, noting that he continued publishing mathematics even after becoming blind and produced over 50 papers in a single year by dictating his ideas to assistants.
“I love Euler because he could find exact answers to problems that seemed impossible,” Dunham said. “He was after a bigger game. He didn’t just want to know that something converged — he wanted the exact value.”
Dunham first showed that the trigonometric series mentioned in the lecture title converged by comparing it to a geometric series, proving its value had to lie between one and two. He explained that directly evaluating each tangent term with half-angle formulas quickly became messy and impractical. Introducing Euler’s original approach, Dunham began by repeatedly applying the double-angle identity for sine on the infinite series to rewrite an angle as an infinite product of sines and cosines.
Attendee Regina Zhang (10) appreciated how Dunham helped make a complex infinite series feel accessible rather than intimidating.
“I like how simple he made it seem,” Regina said. “If I were given that summation by myself, I would not have solved it. However, the way he made it really step by step, I felt like I could do it.”
He then demonstrated Euler’s key “magical” step: taking the natural logarithm of both sides to transform the infinite product into an infinite sum and then differentiating both sides. This allowed the trigonometric terms to collapse neatly into the original series. Substituting theta = π/4 produced the exact answer: the infinite series converges to 4/π.

“When he differentiated the equation, it was suddenly an ‘aha moment’ where everything just kind of came together into the final equation,” Regina said. “It was magical.”
Currently a research associate in mathematics at Bryn Mawr College and this spring’s Paul Halmos Professor of Mathematics at Santa Clara University, Dunham is known for his “Great Thinkers, Great Theorems” lecture series.
At the end of the talk, Dunham challenged students to find Euler’s alternate proof using a different trigonometric identity. He encouraged students to see the lecture not just as a lesson in infinite series, but as an opportunity to witness mathematical brilliance firsthand.
“I hope they took away a brush with greatness,” Dunham said. “You go see Barbra Streisand sing and say, ‘Wow, I just heard the best singer in the world.’ Here, you can say, ‘I just saw one of the greatest mathematicians who ever lived, and I looked over his shoulder and understood what he did.’”
Attendee and History Club Vice President Urvi Singhvi (11) enjoyed both the mathematical and historical sides of Professor William Dunham’s lecture. From a history perspective, Urvi also appreciated how Dunham framed Euler within the broader context of the 18th century.
“He even compared Euler with Benjamin Franklin, and that was kind of cool to see,” Urvi said. “Even if you weren’t more of a math person, you could still understand because he went pretty descriptive and piece by piece.”





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