From rising sea level to retreating glaciers, global warming has caused radical changes in our world’s oceans, forests and ecosystems. But few places across the globe have seen as impactful a shift in climate conditions than California, with its extensive coastline and variable meteorological conditions. Throughout the state, extreme weather events are becoming increasingly intense and common, damaging buildings and displacing residents from their homes in heavily populated areas.
The changing climate has only exacerbated the existing array of weather conditions in California, already having one of the world’s most extreme and unpredictable climates. With increasingly dire droughts, the state has seen less rain and hotter, drier conditions, leading to larger and more frequent wildfires, even in urban areas. The recent Eaton and Palisades fires in Los Angeles destroyed over 12,000 buildings in four square miles of high-density city blocks.
“Each year [the weather] gets weirder,” AP Environmental Science student Sophie Grace (12) said. “This year, there’s been a lot of unusual weather with wildfires. It’s super windy in Southern California, where they have huge wind advisories—that’s a result of climate change.”
California experiences intense floods and higher waves, which threaten the state’s numerous coastal buildings, including beachfront homes and hotels. A strong storm in December produced hurricane-force winds, record flooding and 60-foot waves, causing the partial collapse of the Santa Cruz wharf. Rising sea levels also exacerbate the gradual but long-term erosion of the California coastline.
Atmospheric rivers form often above the Pacific Ocean, bringing strong gusts and large amounts of rainfall from the equatorial tropics to the Bay Area in the form of long streams of water vapor. AP Environmental Science teacher Jeff Sutton explained how these rivers arise from humidity and heat in the atmosphere, intensified by the effects of climate change.
“The two big things that determine weather are pressure and temperature, and those two go hand in hand,” Sutton said. “We get these long tails of air movement that come often out of the tropics, and those long tails as the earth is spinning can make these rivers, and they can hold mind boggling amounts of water in the air.”
Precipitation and flooding from intense storms leads unprepared buildings to develop cracks in their foundations, while strong winds can cause damage in walls and roofs. In 2023, creeks and canals overfilled with heavy rain caused mold and foundation damage in the farming towns of Planada and Pajaro. Especially in regions with colder climates, rain and floodwater can freeze and expand in foundation piles, further weakening the structural integrity of buildings.
“The problem with extreme weather caused by climate change is that places that used to get 20 inches of rain now get much more than that, in stronger storms and more frequently,” Engineering teacher Anthony Silk said. “For example, you can have a place with homes that are built to be hurricane-safe for category one hurricanes, but now they’re getting category five hurricanes. And they’re just not prepared for that.”